The Jews and Palestine
Jews arrived in Palestine about 1500 years before the birth of Christ, during this period had experienced slavery in foreign countries, however, had managed to build up a strong national consciousness on the basis of a firm conviction that the people God's chosen and over the centuries had developed a unique culture of exile and return. This culture had remained intact even after the Romans between AD 70 destruction of Jerusalem by Emperor Titus and the Flavian Dynasty 135 AD, the Bar Kocheba had finally doomed the Jewish people to abandon Palestine forcing them to disperse in the Mediterranean: it begins so ' the Diaspora, is expected to continue for nearly 2000 years. By the time the Jews lost their original identity 'merging with other peoples, while most of them are organized in `separate community by continuing to practice the religion of their fathers and to feel part of a people and a nation in exile As in the days of Moses', never forgetting the prophecy of Ezekiel: "Thus' says the Lord God will receive you 'half of the nations and gather you' from the lands where you are missing and I'll give ' you the land of Israel '. The affirmation of Christianity, the religion derived from Judaism, the worse' conditions of community Jewish: Christians begin to consider the Jews the deicide people, that is responsible for 'the death of Jesus Christ was the beginning of the `anti-Semitism, whose events piu'tragici would have had during the twentieth century.
late nineteenth sec.un jew Viennese culture imbued with nationalist Theodor Herzl, he decided to translate into reality the `old dream of his people: the return to Palestine, was born` Zionism, ie Jewish nationalism. They were in fact missed the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe, and made more striking for the great response elicited was the Dreyfus Affair erupted in Francia.Il `Captain Dreyfus, Israel, in 1884 was convicted by a French military tribunal for espionage to hard labor for life, but in fact he was innocent, but as servants jew 'to the extreme right to put on a scandalous campaign of racist anti-Semite. The Left radical and socialist rose to rebut the showing that another had brought the captain to be downgraded and expelled from the ranks of the army. The writer Emile Zola and intervened in favor of Dreyfus public 'in the paper Clemanceau l `Aurore ina open letter to President Faure, which were documented and reported numerous illegalities committed by the ruling circles revanchists. Zola 'was arrested and sentenced for defamation to pave the way for a retrial was the suicide of a senior officer who had confessed to having falsified a document secret against Dreyfus and Germany account for which you wanted a disaster recovery conflitto.La the reopening of the case exposes the machine and `Dreyfus was not only acquitted but `re also in the army with the rank of maggiore.Intanto but she is the Affaire had unleashed a violent anti-Semitic campaign.
by the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Palestine was a province of the empire Ottoman turkish and the outbreak of World War I, Great Britain effort you make to the cause of `oalleata the influential American Jewish community that, until then, fiercely anti-Semitic hatred of the Tsarist Russia, had been inclined to neutralism, which was understandable since most of America `s Jews came from Russia and Poland and Lithuania and
were survivors of the ferocious pogroms of the late nineteenth sec.La filoebraica policy of the British government `is expressed in the famous Balfour Declaration which established the commitment of Britain to agree to the formation of a Jewish national home in Palestina.Si Consider that just in 1916` s was in the middle of a World War accordoanglo-French (Sikes - Picot) to divide between the two powers of the territories of the Middle East are part of the empire turkish, sided with the Central Powers (Germany-Austria). Therefore, 2 November 1917 the British Foreign Minister Lord Balfour wrote a letter to Lord Rothschild, and powerful wealthy businessman of Jewish origin, warning that the British government had approved the project for the creating a Jewish national home in Palestine at the end of guerra.Questa statement was aimed at obtaining the financial support of the Jews' Anglo-American war, promising in return a solution to the centuries of Diaspora people ebraico.Da this document had Origen projects for the start of the Jews but `Palestina.Il document contrasted with the commitment October 24, 1915 taken by the British government with representatives of the Arabs, according to which Britain acknowledged their possession of the whole air-except in places santi.Il previous agreement of 1916 (Sikes-Picot) being the end of the war, therefore, Britain obtained in the form of the Palestine Mandate el `Iraq today, while France go to Lebanon and the Siria.Esercitando sovereignty over Palestinian territory, the British government` consent in strength of the Balfour Declaration, to `establishment of a Jewish colony.
Over the years, and with the increase in Jewish emigration, the hostility of Arab populations `not` late manifestarsi.Nella in the spring of 1920 violent riots broke out in Palestine against Jewish immigrants: the Arabs were opposed to the Judaization of Palestine. The British rulers began to become clearly aware of the difficulties raised this insediamento.Troppo engaged in political support for Zionism be able to pull back, strove to moderate and resize Jewish ambitions and reach a compromise with the Arabs, even resorting to drastic measures to reduce the `emigrazione.Tale policy was doomed anyway because of the growing force that the Zionist movement was taking, especially in the Uniti.Alla end of the Second World War, the moral and political force that the Zionist movement was growing and becoming, as they became aware of the horrendous proportions of the Nazi genocide made its way in European and world public opinion aware of the need to allow the Jews to have a patria.I governments of the two main victors of the World War II, the U.S. `el USSR, sympathetic to Zionism, and therefore the Jewish emigration to Palestine shots and the British government` I `in the impossibility of adopting a forceful reaction, on the contrary, I find` to address the araba.Arabi backlash and Jews were being well organized militarily `,` difficulty in putting the government britannico.La armed struggle and the pressure force of the organizations Zionist convinced the British that the best solution was to leave the country, leaving Arabs and Jews in fronteggiarsi.Il 14 February 1947 the British Foreign Minister Bevin announcement is the withdrawal from Palestine, entrusting the responsibility to `UN` to find a solution, 29 November 1947 UN vote `s` a plan to partition Palestine between a Jewish and a Palestinian, while Jerusalem was internationalized: the two states should form a union economica.L `UN` but was not able to control at the application of English piano.Gli stared at May 15, 1948 the date of their abandonment of the `shock Palestina.L idue between groups was inevitable, particularly the Arabs rejected the UN` s decision because they felt that was tantamount to a surrender without conditions imposed by European and Arab Americani.Gli were not anti-Semitic, but were opposed to the project to steal Arab land to an Arab population which palestinese.Se that you really wanted to give a home to Jews because 'Do not give it to him at the expense of those countries responsible for the genocide? But the problem was that gliEbrei Palestine did not amount to any one country, in their eyes Palestine was not a country but the homeland, the land of their ancestors, loads of historical and religious (biblical), the land from which they were often driven ritornati.Era the prophecy of the return from exile ', as Palestine was proclaimed by the prophet Ezechiele.La the Promised Land .
The birth of the State of Israel
May 14, 1948 `s top commmisario English left Palestine and British troops began to evacuate the Paese.Lo same day in Tel Aviv, David Ben Gurion proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israele.L `next day the regular armies of Arab countries: Egypt, Syria, Transigiordania, penetrated Iraq and Palestine: Arab-Israeli war broke out laprima israeliana.Gli Arab armies and the Palestinian militias were defeated on all fronts by Hagana `-l`-IDF Arabs were divided by rivalry between different States and acted in order sparso.Nel January 1949 the war had ended in a truce with the patronage of the UN, only the ` Iraq would not firmare.Gli `s armistice agreements delivered most of Palestine to the Israelis, except for two areas in the coming years to become widely known: the Gaza Strip and Egypt all` built the West Bank ruled by the Hashemite dynasty that gave life to the kingdom of Jordan, the West Bank (West Bank) was combined with the old town of Jerusalem Transgiordania.Il rest is under the control of the Arab-Jordanian, while the western suburb Israele.Il was attached to the new border and then went to the holy city of the deep divisions that became the second ilsimbolo dopoguerra.I Zionists had achieved their purpose: there was now a Jewish state: it was not peace but a truce armata.Il recognition came from the great powers of the states but not arabi.Israele making her a small state, a besieged fortress, surrounded by countries ostili.Agli Arab eyes it was just a body estraneo.L `Jewish settlement had driven the existing population Palestinian.
Arab-Israel conflict
`All day after the first Arab-Israeli war in 1849, Israel was a fortress under siege, its borders were very irregular and in places the width of the area did not exceed 15 km ; four Arab states bordering Israel hostile Egypt, Jordan, Syria, the Palestinian territories under the sovereignty Libano.Nei `Arab , that Gaza and the West Bank (West Bank), have concentrated more than half a million Palestinian refugees, full of resentment and decided to return to their homes who were forced to leave during the war and the victory of the Israele.Intanto Inter-Arab Islamic world was lining up politically against Israel, just as the victors of the war Jewish settlers had to face the problems of consolidation and building of new state born May 14 at the same time 1948.Israele enjoyed the sympathy of the whole American-European world, the two superpowers, USA and USSR, had immediately recognized the State of Israel, the influential American Jewish community, which was already a powerful group of political pressure inside the United States (Jewish lobby) was determined to provide all of its political support, economic status of the infant medium oriente.Lo Jewish state is rapidly consolidating and Israel became a parliamentary republic, not gave it a Constitution, but a series of fundamental laws voted by an Assembly (Knesset). That which mattered most to Israel were not so much as aspects of the project that the statement meant to give more `sionistico.Cio importance to the significant difference compared to all other existing political reality: he had taken a collective destiny, that of the people that after centuries of the diaspora had made the prophecy, he had completed the words of the prophet Ezekiel: Return to the Promised Land: That which was made at the beginning was annunciato.Da now on, all the Jews scattered throughout the world have had a definite point of riferimento.Nel July 1950, two years after the proclamation of the birth of Israel, the Knesset solemnly proclaimed ` the LAW OF RETURN which established the right of all Jews to move to Palestina.Cosi` in the space of nearly five years about a million Jews returned to Palestine and settled in the lands that the Palestinians were forced to leave. A
all Arabs had inflicted a humiliating defeat without precedenti.L European public opinion did not understand their motives and accused them of fanaticism and terrorism, antisemitismo.L `Europe did not understand the tragedy that had arisen and the tragedy of the Palestinian people and we understand the plight of other Arab countries have to accommodate thousands of Palestinians in their confini.La presence on their territories of the Palestinian refugees created problems within the old ruling classes, students, intellectuals demanded a new policy that sancisse the birth of an Arab nation (pan-Arabism) and that react in the face of Israel and the European nations themselves, responsible for supporting Israel, the failure of the first Arab-Israeli conflict created strong resentment over the Palestinian issue Arabi.La determined unrest throughout the Arab world and a spirit of rebellion against the old classes managers and monarchies held responsible for sconfitta.In a long period of unrest that estesefino Magrheb to (virtually all of the `North Africa), the revolt in Egypt` mature young military officers with the leadership of Colonel Nasser (1956) put an end to the monarchy's pro-British King Faruk.Nasser became the visible symbol of the Arab renaissance, or rather pan-Arab, the main enemy of Israel, also embodied the young officers above all a strong spirit anticolonialista.Nasser `immediately nationalized the Suez Canal and asserting the rights of the Egyptians on the Canal, in defiance of the colonial powers' such as` el France England that ran according to their strategic interests and war economici.Fu and Nasser in the eyes of all the Arab populace became the symbol of redemption, also in the war of 1956, Israel intervened in support of France and England `s and this heat is still more to the minds of Arabi.Tuttavia for Nasser of Egypt on the military did not fare well, the para `Anglo-French occupied the Canal and the small Israeli army fray` l ` Egyptian army at the Battle of Sinai.Fu the Russian-American intervention that ended the conflict, the `America was forced to intervene before the Soviet threat in favor of Nasser.Abbiamo said in previous` s enthusiasm in the Arab world had caused the coup of Colonel Nasser the monarchy had spazzatovia Faruk.L `enthusiasm was such that in the early` 60's revolution spread in Tunisia, Morocco, from `IrakAppoggiato Soviet Union, after the nationalization of the Canal, Nasser closes the Straits of Tiran, blocking the access of Israelis to the Baltic Rosso.Inizia the Six Day War: The Israeli army, better trained, `Egyptian rout in just six seasons and with it the ally of Syria and Jordan` s Egitto.Alla signing of the armistice `Israeli army now occupied all of Palestine including West Bank ie the West Bank and the Strip Gaza.Cosa even more important is the fact that on the Syrian front, Israel occupies the Golan Heights which now controls all the Bekaa Valley `. In short, the Six Day War was for the Arabs only six days a disastro.In General Flies' Dean was brought to its knees three states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan). But defeat was even more tragic for the people palestinese.Una part of it remained in Gaza and the West Bank and lived under Israeli military occupation, but many others emigrated over the Jordan River (Transgiodania) and camped inside the monarchy Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan, who saw so `increasing the discomfort for the new 1969 venuti.Nel the presence of the Palestinian population, more people without a homeland, ACUI` the crisis of the impoverished kingdom of Jordan, and so was `to an armed conflict between Arab militias and armed groups of Hussein Jordanian palestinesi.Lo aim was to expel the Palestinians from Giordania.L `episode goes by the name of Black September and shocked the Arab world, leading to a rupture in Syria had fallen in the field in defense of palestinesi.Settembre Nero had left the field palestinesi.I 8000 dead Palestinians were forced to leave Jordan and move en masse to the Lebanon, and because `the permanence in refugee camps would have been long enough, inside the camps were built schools, hospitals, administrative structures, in refugee camps so short structures represent a kind of `state within a state of reflection on their condition Libano.La all` day after September Black led many groups of armed Palestinian resistance to establish under the leadership of Arafat a real organization is born so she is the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) and its politico-military militia, a kind of party Fatha ( Conquest), but the strategy to be adopted was the terrorist they `could not be otherwise: the aim was to be heard in the eyes of the world and keep alive the attention on the issue palestinese.La terrorist strategy was not free of contradiction, however, `Why, and aroused the attention of the world` s the other hand, was born the easy equation meant that Palestinian terrorist.
return to the years between the end of the Six Day War (1967) in the early seventies, this was a period of relative calm and the hand step is to diplomacy in particular at the UN `,` they vote in the Security Council Resolution n.242, with it you wanted to take the formula territories against peace, a sort of exchange. .
But in early 1973 and with the rise of the `Colonel Nasser` s Egypt and Syria they approached foreign policy in the USSR all `i just two states with the support of the `Soviet Union, taking advantage of the Jewish holiday Yom Kippur (atonement or forgiveness) surprise attack Israele.Il element of surprise at first` port `s Egyptian army to penetrate in depth in the Sinai, while the Syrians attacked the heights of Golan.Ma the best logistics sky-land of the Israeli isolate the troops' armored Egyptian desert Sinai, the `American support did the rest. Just the crucial U.S. aid to Israel is the Arab world outraged most notably the Saudi Arabia and the countries of golfo.Questi `s oil embargo decreed to the United States and to all the` occidente.Le consequences were not slow to be felt, generating the first major oil crisis in history, the Western world paralyzed saw its industrial production, giving rise to a recession economica.La 1973 crisis was aggravated by the fact of the strong cuts in oil production, bringing the price of quintuplicare.L oil almost to the Yom Kippur War for `with the intervention `s UN imposed a cease-fire, the year following the` PLO was declared by the Arab states, the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and was admitted as a member at the UN `osservatore.L in the Yom Kippur War had essentially declared two aspects: ) `Israel's military superiority; b) The importance of` oil weapon 'for the economy of the countries occidentali.La oil crisis and the consequences of recession in the West gave diplomatic force to action, so as to bind three American presidents, Nixon Ford and Carter.Cosi `` between 1978-1979 is coming to the Camp David accords between Egypt and Israel and between Sadat Rabin.Entrambi States accepted the Resolution 242, land for peace, Egypt `s regained Peninsula Sinai, and recognized the existence of the State of Israel (March 1979). But the Arab world do not accept `the important clause of the Camp David Accords that is, recognition of Israel and therefore the` Egypt was expelled from the Arab League, more `Later, during a military parade, Sadat was killed by the hardline faction of the Egyptian, the Muslim Brotherhood, which apparently derives from the` current movement of Palestinian Hamas.In gliArabi substance did not accept the Camp David agreements forming the front of Rifiuto.Due years before the Camp David accords had begun the tragedy of Lebanon: will remember is that after a good part of the Black September Palestinians expelled from Jordan by King Hussein had moved to Lebanon was inhabited by Libano.Il Maronite Christian population, with the arrival of Palestinian political as well as the equilibrium population is affected: it had formed a sort of state within a state who brought the civil war, the substantial collapse of the state libanese.Inoltre the presence of Palestinians served in Lebanon to Israel to act against their bases from which we start raids and rockets at the city border. . Israel `take advantage of such a situation to occupy Lebanon meridionale.La diplomacy intervened, and in full civil war and facing the dissolution of the state, imposed on all armed groups to abandon the Libano.Gli effects of such an order were disastrous as they leave the Palestinian refugee camps `unprotected groups of fighters difesa.Partiti of Palestinian fighters from refugee camps were attacked and Maronite Christian militias massacred more than 1600 women, elderly and children in the camps of Sabra and Shatila and Borgja.
In the 80s, namely in 1984, Yasser Arafat `peace offer to Israel in exchange for the return of territories occupied in 1988 and` COMPI two acts of great political significance recognized the existence of the State of Israel and he formed palestinese.Intanto a government in exile in the territories occupied by Israel in the Six Day War in 1967 the Palestinians began the First Intifada (Ghosts of stones), ie a resistance struggle waged on the streets for more by ragazzi.Israele in turn permitted the installation of settlers in the territories `occupati.In e1993 this tragic situation in 1991 there were two international conferences, the first in Madrid and the second at the two conferences Oslo.Sostanzialmente resumed two Resolutions of the UN` 242 and 338, ie pace.Secondo Land for the first resolution the Israelis should withdraw from all occupied territories and it is on this basis that the conference in Oslo open `` But that was rejected by the Palestinian negotiators Why clauses contained regressive than the text of Madrid was postponed because the solution to the problem of Jerusalem and Jewish settlements, the formation of a Palestinian state and the fate of Palestinian refugees which now add up to more than 3 milioni.La ripreseDi armed struggle again in September 1995 were formalized in Washington agreements of Taba, which foresees the extension of the autonomy to six cities in the West Bank and part of Hebron.Nello same time making its way in Israel the idea of \u200b\u200ba physical separation between Israelis and Palestinians that has resulted in an ever more rigid blockade of the occupied territories, the majority of Palestinians in the occupied territories remained as it was not replaced with workers in Asia and East Europe. were normalized relations with the Giordania.La stalemate that had arisen could only weaken the forces of both parties favor a peaceful solution: Arafat israeliano.Il Labour government and the Labour Party lose support while boosting the Right religioso.In this climate and the party `mature` s killing by a young student Rabin.E extreme right in this circumstance that goes Sharon puts on a power offensive against the Arabs organizing a march to the Temple Mount, this act began the birth of the 2nd Intifada.Alla Arafat's death, his successor Abu-Mazen does not seem to enjoy the prestige necessary its predecessor and also the elections in Gaza as a proof of his weakness: here the extremist Hamas Party won the elezioni.La construction of a partition wall built by Scharon pushed the situation to the point that the group Hamas has intensified ever more massive launch of missiles against Israeli border town as Sderoth and against Jewish settlements and for other continua.L `departure of Sharon and the weak Olmert's coalition government and Livni facing the advance of the extreme right of Nietanau led government, accused of inertia and the forthcoming elections and not to loose consensus in the country, to order a real retaliation against Hamas, Gaza It has been bombed by Israeli aircraft violently causing a massacre of the population civile.Allo present, despite the unilateral ceasefire, there is no `a further initiative to resolve the thorny issue Palestinian.
